Are We Shifting from Criminalization to Normalization of Cocaine Use in Albania…?! A Psychosocial Perspective on Social Status, Quality of Life, and Policy Responses

Abstract

Objectives: This study examines the psychosocial shift in perceptions of cocaine use in Albania, exploring its transition from criminalization to normalization. It investigates how this shift impacts social status, identity, and quality of life, with a focus on its psychosocial consequences. Prior Work: While global research on drug use normalization and harm reduction exists, few studies focus on Albania’s unique sociocultural context. This paper builds on psychosocial and addiction frameworks, examining how drug use, social status, and stigma intersect in Albania. Approach: A mixed-method approach combining qualitative interviews, case studies, and quantitative surveys was used across urban and rural Albania. This methodology explores how cocaine use affects social identity, stigmatization, and public health outcomes. Results: Findings show a societal divide: younger generations view cocaine as a status symbol, while older generations criminalize it. This divide leads to psychological stress for users, increasing shame, social isolation, and diminishing quality of life. Implications: The study highlights the need for policies addressing both the normalization of cocaine use and the stigma surrounding addiction to improve public health and well-being. Value: This paper offers new insights into the psychosocial impact of cocaine use in Albania, enriching global harm reduction and addiction treatment discussions.